Background: Anxiety is a complex phenomenon with important results. In fact anxiety is a biologic process that has repetitive biological and physiological effect on the biological structure of brine. From long time ago anxiety and fear has bean one of the important psychological issues and for the control of anxiety different drugs with different mechanisms have been presented and understanding mechanisms that are involved lead us to newer drugs discovery. In this research the effect of morphine on the anxiety in the adult Male rats in the Ventral Tegmental area (VTA) and Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) was studied.Methods: The ELEVATED plus maze was used in combination with the percentage of time spent in the open arms of the maze (OAT%) and the percentage of entries into the open arms (OAE%) to measure anxiety. Increases in the OAT% and OAE% indicate an anxiolytic effect (reduction in anxiety), whereas decreases in the OAE% and OAT% indicate an anxiogenic effect. Adult male rats, weighing 200-240 grams, underwent surgery. After five days, the rats were injected with saline and three different doses of morphine (2.5, 5, and 7.5 ml/rat). Experiment one included the injections into the VTA. In the second experiment, these injections were in the NAc. Behavioral tests were conducted between 12 pm and 4 pm and each animal was used once for each experiment.Results: In the first experiment, although these doses of morphine injected into the TVA had no effect on the OAE%, a dose of 5ml/rat increased the OAT%, showing a decrease in the animals’ anxiety. In the second experiment, doses of 2.5ml/rat injected into the NAc induced a significant increase in the OAT% and OAE%, there by displaying decreased anxiety in the animal. However, no significant change in the activity of the animals was observed.Conclusion: As a Result of these experiments, it seems that different doses of morphine can decrease anxiety, probably through interaction with gabaergic system.

Background and objective: Cannabinoids which are active compounds of marijuana show some pharmacological effects similar to the opioids. There are also functional interactions between both cannabinoid and opioid systems. In this study we investigated the role of cannabinoid receptors in central amygdala and its interaction with opioid system.Methods: In the present study, we investigated the effects of intraperitoneal injection of opioid drugs on response-induced by intra-amygdala (intra-Amyg) microinjection of cannabinoid agents in rats, using ELEVATED PLUS-MAZE test of anxiety.Results: Intraperitoneal injection of morphine (3, 6 and 9 mg/kg) increased %OAT and %OAE, but not locomotor activity, showing an anxiolytic response. However, some doses of the opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone reduced %OAT and locomotor activity as well. Intra-Amyg administration of CB1 cannabinoid receptor agonist, ACPA (at the dose of 1.25 and 5 ng/rat) increased %OAT and %OAE but not locomotor activity, thus showing an anxiolytic response, which was increased by morphine (6 mg/kg, i.p.) without any interaction. Naloxone also reduced ACPA effects.Intra-Amyg administration of CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist, AM251 (2.5, 25 and 100ng/rat) did not alter %OAT and %OAE but higher doses of drug (25 and 100 ng/rat) reduced locomotor activity. However, the drug in combination of morphine anxiolytic response and with naloxone decreased anxiety. Conclusion: The results may indicate an anxiolytic for CB1 cannabinoid. Our results also showed that opioid system may have interaction with cannabinoid receptor in the amygdale.

Fast growing population, excessive expansion of cities, and dominance of automobile in urban life have troubled cities with complicated traffi c problems. In many parts of the world, transport network development has always been considered as a solution for this problem. Apparently, one-dimensional ‘ traffi c solutions’ would never thoroughly bring best results as the city and its problems are complicated and interconnected. Although, adding one fl oor to the existing networks would not necessarily solve traffi c congestion. The aim of this paper is to identify the challenges ELEVATED highways especially Sadr highway imposed on adjacent residential neighborhoods, and to provide recommendations mitigating the negative impacts of these challenges in favor of neighbor residents. Among the different challenges, this paper focuses on those which have instant effects on the potential neighborhoods including environmental, safety, and social challenges which affect nearby residents the most. Accordingly, this study provides policies to reduce noise, air and visual pollution, safety and security issues.

Background: Nitric oxide and mecamylamine have an important role in anxiety-like behavior. Determining the site of action in the brain and interaction between these agents need to be investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the possible interaction between mecamylamine and nitric oxide in dorsal hippocampus using the ELEVATED plusmaze test of anxiety.Materials and Methods: This experimental study was performed on 180 male NMRI mice.Mice were anaesthetized with ketamine and xylazine and two cannuale were inserted stereotaxically into the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus. All animals were allowed to recover for 1 week before the beginning of the behavioral testing. The ELEVATED PLUS-MAZE was used to test the anxiety-like behavior.Results: Bilateral intra-dorsal hippocampal injections of mecamylamine, L-arginine or LNAME induced the anxiogenic effects. Intra-dorsal hippocampal injection of ineffective dose of mecamylamine before different doses of L-arginine or L-NAME potentiated the anxiogenic effects of L-arginine or L-NAME.Conclusion: Results reveal that both nitric oxide and mecamylamine not only play a part in the modulation of anxiety in the dorsal hippocampus of mouse but also have demonstrated a complex interaction as well.

A 65-year-old woman presented with decreased vision in both eyes of 2 months’ duration. She reported no history of systemic disorders. Visual acuity (VA) was 20/200 in her right and 20/400 in her left eye. Slit lamp examination was unremarkable and intraocular pressure was normal. On fundus examination, an ELEVATED lesion was noted in the macula in both eyes.